Key takeaways
- Mexico is the #1 US importing country in Q1 2026 at US$138.03 billion (16.91% share), heading the US top import partners list with automatic data processing equipment (HS 8471) at US$28.43 billion and integrated USMCA automotive flows (HS 8703, 8708, 8704), anchoring the supply lane.
- Taiwan surged to #3 US importing country at US$67.42 billion (8.26%) on the strength of AI server and semiconductor demand, with Taiwan exports to the US reaching a record US$28.54 billion in March 2026 alone (+120% YoY) per Taiwan News.
- China dropped to the #4 US importing country slot at US$60.87 billion (7.46%) within the US imports by country ranking, with US imports from China falling 35% YoY in January 2026 per PRNewswire data, while Vietnam (US$55.86B) closed in on China's volume share.
Where does the U.S mainly import from? U.S imports by country
The US mainly imports from Mexico in Q1 2026 at US$138.03 billion (16.91% share), followed by Canada at US$91.59 billion (11.22%) and Taiwan at US$67.42 billion (8.26%), drawn from TradeInt's Official US Import Data and Bill of Lading Database. The US top import partners list together accounts for 36.39% of total US inbound value, with North American partners anchoring the top tier and East Asian semiconductor and electronics hubs filling the next bracket of US imports by country.
Top 5 US importing countries by value in Q1 2026:
- Mexico - US$138.03 billion (16.91%): Anchors US auto, electronics, and agricultural supply chains under USMCA nearshoring.
- Canada - US$91.59 billion (11.22%): Primary overland supplier of crude oil, natural gas, and integrated automotive components.
- Taiwan - US$67.42 billion (8.26%): Global semiconductor and AI-server hub supplying advanced computing hardware to US tech buyers.
- China - US$60.87 billion (7.46%): Supplier of diverse consumer goods, electronics, and industrial manufacturing components.
- Vietnam - US$55.86 billion (6.84%): Alternative manufacturing base for smartphones, consumer electronics, apparel, and furniture.
| Rank | Country | Value (US$) | Share % | Economic Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mexico | $138,031,183,238 | 16.91% | Crucial nearshoring partner for automotive, electronics, and agricultural supply chains under USMCA. |
| 2 | Canada | $91,592,200,057 | 11.22% | Essential overland supplier of crude oil, energy resources, and integrated automotive parts. |
| 3 | Taiwan, China | $67,418,508,477 | 8.26% | Vital global hub providing advanced semiconductors and critical high-tech electronic components. |
| 4 | China | $60,872,590,267 | 7.46% | Major supplier of diverse consumer goods, electronics, and crucial industrial manufacturing components. |
| 5 | Vietnam | $55,864,301,658 | 6.84% | Key alternative manufacturing base for consumer electronics, apparel, and footwear diversification. |
| 6 | South Korea | $35,907,151,472 | 4.40% | Critical source for memory chips, automobiles, and advanced battery technologies. |
| 7 | Japan | $34,092,521,007 | 4.18% | Major provider of passenger vehicles, advanced machinery, and specialized industrial equipment. |
| 8 | Germany | $33,560,397,127 | 4.11% | Top European supplier of luxury vehicles, precision machinery, and specialized pharmaceuticals. |
| 9 | Thailand | $30,237,483,339 | 3.70% | Important Southeast Asian hub for hard drives, integrated circuits, and automotive parts. |
| 10 | India | $23,011,061,495 | 2.82% | Major source of affordable generic pharmaceuticals, textiles, and growing tech hardware assembly. |
Period: January-March 2026.
✔ U.S. Import & Export Trade Data
📚 2025 US Import Market Analysis by TradeInt
Machinery and mechanical appliances led US imports in 2025 at US$647.29 billion (19.28%), followed by electrical equipment at US$498.22 billion. Explore the US imported landscape across categories.
Read more: US Import Data Analysis 2025
Which country is the largest importer to the US?
U.S top #1 imports by country: Mexico - US$138.03 billion
According to TradeInt's verified U.S customs records, Mexico ships its largest categories to the U.S., led by automatic data processing equipment (HS 8471) at US$28.43 billion (20.60%), motor vehicles (HS 8703) at US$9.07 billion (6.57%), and motor vehicle parts (HS 8708) at US$8.69 billion (6.29%).
The HS-code mix combines IT hardware nearshoring with the deeply integrated USMCA automotive supply chain, supplemented by commercial trucks (HS 8704) and telecommunications equipment (HS 8517).
Top 5 imports from Mexico to the U.S in Q1 2026:
- HS 8471 - Automatic data processing equipment: US$28.43 billion (20.60%): Vital nearshore hub supplying essential computers and IT hardware for the US market.
- HS 8703 - Motor vehicles: US$9.07 billion (6.57%): Highly integrated USMCA partner providing affordable, mass-market passenger vehicles.
- HS 8708 - Motor vehicle parts: US$8.69 billion (6.29%): Backbone of North American automotive manufacturing, supplying critical cross-border vehicle components.
- HS 8704 - Commercial trucks: US$7.82 billion (5.67%): Crucial supplier of commercial trucks necessary for US logistics and supply chain operations.
- HS 8517 - Telecommunications equipment: US$4.46 billion (3.23%): Secures rapid, tariff-free telecommunications equipment and smartphone supply via USMCA nearshoring.
| Rank | 4-Digit HS Codes | Value (US$) | Share % | Economic Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8471 | $28,434,650,443 | 20.60% | Vital nearshore hub supplying essential computers and IT hardware for the US market. |
| 2 | 8703 | $9,065,524,205 | 6.57% | Highly integrated USMCA partner providing affordable, mass-market passenger vehicles. |
| 3 | 8708 | $8,685,156,450 | 6.29% | Backbone of North American automotive manufacturing, supplying critical cross-border vehicle components. |
| 4 | 8704 | $7,823,371,407 | 5.67% | Crucial supplier of commercial trucks necessary for US logistics and supply chain operations. |
| 5 | 8517 | $4,456,662,633 | 3.23% | Secures rapid, tariff-free telecommunications equipment and smartphone supply via USMCA nearshoring. |
Period: January-March 2026.
Mexico's position as the top US importing country reflects nearly three decades of accelerating economic integration under NAFTA and its successor agreement. Research from the Brookings Institution documents how USMCA has strengthened cross-border manufacturing depth, particularly in automotive, electronics, and agricultural supply chains. The Q1 2026 import value of US$138.03 billion places Mexico as the structural anchor of US inbound trade.
Key market signals shaping Mexico-US trade in Q1 2026:
- January-February 2026 dominance: Trading Economics data shows Mexico contributed US$45.6 billion in January 2026 alone, the largest single-country share of US imports for the month.
- Manufacturing capacity scale-up: Findings from McKinsey Global Institute identify Mexico's border-state cluster as the leading destination for US-bound nearshore manufacturing investment across automotive, electronics, and IT hardware.
- Trade deficit pressure: Reuters reporting on the March 2026 trade balance highlighted Mexico's role in pushing US goods imports sharply higher, with Mexican manufacturing capacity directly contributing to the widening US goods trade deficit.
✔ U.S. HS Code Trade Data ✔ U.S. Import & Export
💻 Reveal TradeInt's HS 8471 Mexico-U.S Trade Search
Mexico shipped US$28.43 billion in computers and IT hardware (HS 8471) to the US in Q1 2026. Preview Mexican HS 8471 exporters, US importer identification, and shipment records on TradeInt.
Explore more: HS 8471 past trade records preview worldwide by country
U.S top #2 imports by country: Canada - US$91.59 billion
Canada supplies the US most heavily through petroleum crude oil (HS 2709) at US$19.34 billion (21.12%), petroleum gases (HS 2711) at US$5.22 billion (5.70%), and motor vehicles (HS 8703) at US$4.83 billion (5.27%), verified from TradeInt's Q1 2026 U.S trade data.
The mix anchors Canada's role as the primary overland energy supplier and integrated automotive partner, supported by re-imported US-origin goods (HS 9801) and refined petroleum products (HS 2710).
Top 5 imports from Canada to the U.S in Q1 2026:
- HS 2709 - Petroleum crude oil: US$19.34 billion (21.12%): Primary overland supplier ensuring reliable North American crude oil and energy security.
- HS 2711 - Petroleum gases: US$5.22 billion (5.70%): Essential provider of natural gas, crucial for US heating and industrial power needs.
- HS 8703 - Motor vehicles: US$4.83 billion (5.27%): Deeply integrated partner in the specialized North American automotive production ecosystem.
- HS 9801 - Returned/re-imported goods: US$3.84 billion (4.20%): Facilitates smooth cross-border returns and warranty processing within integrated supply chains.
- HS 2710 - Refined petroleum: US$3.53 billion (3.85%): Key regional supplier of refined petroleum products supporting domestic fuel and chemical markets.
| Rank | 4-Digit HS Codes | Value (US$) | Share % | Economic Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2709 | $19,340,495,587 | 21.12% | Primary overland supplier ensuring reliable North American crude oil and energy security. |
| 2 | 2711 | $5,222,717,851 | 5.70% | Essential provider of natural gas, crucial for US heating and industrial power needs |
| 3 | 8703 | $4,826,347,113 | 5.27% | Deeply integrated partner in the specialized North American automotive production ecosystem. |
| 4 | 9801 | $3,842,964,683 | 4.20% | Facilitates smooth cross-border returns and warranty processing within integrated supply chains. |
| 5 | 2710 | $3,527,043,799 | 3.85% | Key regional supplier of refined petroleum products supporting domestic fuel and chemical markets. |
Period: January-March 2026.
Canada-US trade dynamics shifted notably in early 2026 within the broader US imports by country landscape. Forbes reporting from February 2026 documented that bilateral Canada-US trade was on track to fall for a third consecutive year for the first time in modern history, with energy and automotive flows entering a recalibration phase. The Q1 2026 value of US$91.59 billion still places Canada firmly in the #2 position.
Key market signals shaping Canada-US trade in Q1 2026:
- Crude oil pricing pressure: U.S Energy Information Administration tracking confirms Canadian crude continues to dominate Midwest and Gulf Coast US refinery feedstock, with stable shipment volumes despite three-year value softening.
- Natural gas supply role: Canada's US$5.22 billion HS 2711 volume reinforces its position as the dominant overland natural gas supplier for US industrial and residential heating demand.
- Trade-flow recalibration: Forbes analysis points to structural Canada-US trade softening across 2024-2026, with both automotive and energy categories experiencing volume normalization after the 2022-2023 peak.
U.S top #3 imports by country: Taiwan - US$67.42 billion
TradeInt's global customs records show Taiwan supplying the US heavily through automatic data processing equipment (HS 8471) at US$37.62 billion (55.81%), parts for machines (HS 8473) at US$9.39 billion (13.93%), and integrated circuits (HS 8542) at US$5.32 billion (7.90%). The mix anchors Taiwan as the structural supplier of AI servers, advanced semiconductor hardware, and high-end IT infrastructure for US tech buyers, complemented by telecommunications equipment and storage media.
Top 5 imports from Taiwan to the U.S in Q1 2026:
- HS 8471 - Automatic data processing equipment: US$37.62 billion (55.81%): Dominant global provider of advanced computing hardware and specialized IT infrastructure.
- HS 8473 - Parts for machines: US$9.39 billion (13.93%): Critical source for high-end computer components and sophisticated electronic assemblies.
- HS 8542 - Integrated circuits: US$5.32 billion (7.90%): Indispensable global leader manufacturing the world's most advanced semiconductor chips.
- HS 8517 - Telecommunications equipment: US$2.45 billion (3.64%): Key partner supplying specialized telecommunications hardware and advanced networking infrastructure.
- HS 8523 - Storage media: US$1.77 billion (2.62%): Vital supplier of advanced solid-state storage media and crucial electronic memory devices.
| Rank | 4-Digit HS Codes | Value (US$) | Share % | Economic Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8471 | $37,624,783,159 | 55.81% | Dominant global provider of advanced computing hardware and specialized IT infrastructure. |
| 2 | 8473 | $9,389,918,087 | 13.93% | Critical source for high-end computer components and sophisticated electronic assemblies. |
| 3 | 8542 | $5,322,778,940 | 7.90% | Indispensable global leader manufacturing the world's most advanced semiconductor chips. |
| 4 | 8517 | $2,454,617,569 | 3.64% | Key partner supplying specialized telecommunications hardware and advanced networking infrastructure. |
| 5 | 8523 | $1,768,394,403 | 2.62% | Vital supplier of advanced solid-state storage media and crucial electronic memory devices. |
Period: January-March 2026.
Taiwan's rise into the #3 US trade partner reflects an extraordinary surge in semiconductor and AI-server flows. Reporting from Taiwan News in May 2026 confirmed Taiwan-US bilateral trade reached US$78.25 billion in Q1 2026, with Taiwan's exports to the US hitting US$65.56 billion (a 98.9% annual increase) and the US officially overtaking China and Hong Kong as Taiwan's largest trading partner for the first time in 25 years.
Key market signals shaping Taiwan-US trade in Q1 2026:
- March 2026 record month: Taiwan News data shows Taiwan's exports to the US reached US$28.54 billion in March 2026 alone, a record monthly high and a 120% year-on-year jump driven by AI servers, GPUs, and advanced-process wafers.
- AI supply chain dominance: Taiwan controls approximately 90% of the global AI server supply chain and 79% of global semiconductor foundry capacity, making it the structural anchor of US AI infrastructure procurement.
- US-Taiwan trade deal momentum: The USTR February 2026 release described broad industry praise for the US-Taiwan trade arrangement, reinforcing the upward trade trajectory.
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📊 TradeInt's Insights on US Top Import Products In Q1 2026
Automatic data processing equipment (HS 8471) is the #1 US top import product in Q1 2026 at US$88.27 billion (10.81%), along with telephones for cellular networks (HS 8517) at US$39.91 billion (4.89%) and motor vehicles (HS 8703), powered by TradeInt's US trade insights.
Read more: What are the US top import products in Q1 2026?
U.S top #4 imports by country: China - US$60.87 billion
In Q1/2026, TradeInt global trade data platform indicates China supplies the US through automatic data processing equipment (HS 8471) at US$38.40 billion (29.78%), parts for machines (HS 8473) at US$10.74 billion (8.32%), and telecommunications equipment (HS 8517) at US$6.78 billion (5.26%).
The remaining top-5 mix includes integrated circuits (HS 8542) and the consumer e-commerce parcel category (HS 9999), confirming China's continuing role as the volume base for affordable electronics and consumer goods despite ongoing sourcing diversification.
Top 5 imports from China to the U.S in Q1 2026:
- HS 8471 - Automatic data processing equipment: US$38.40 billion (29.78%): Massive-scale manufacturing base for affordable consumer electronics and mainstream computing devices.
- HS 8473 - Parts for machines: US$10.74 billion (8.32%): Major global supplier of diverse, cost-effective computer parts and electronic sub-assemblies.
- HS 8517 - Telecommunications equipment: US$6.78 billion (5.26%): Central hub for global smartphone assembly and broad consumer telecommunications equipment.
- HS 8542 - Integrated circuits: US$5.60 billion (4.34%): Significant provider of legacy semiconductors and foundational integrated circuits for consumer goods.
- HS 9999 - Consumer e-commerce parcels: US$3.06 billion (2.38%): Represents massive volume of low-value consumer e-commerce shipments directly to US buyers.
| Rank | 4-Digit HS Codes | Value (US$) | Share % | Economic Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8471 | $38,399,586,115 | 29.78% | Massive-scale manufacturing base for affordable consumer electronics and mainstream computing devices. |
| 2 | 8473 | $10,735,034,661 | 8.32% | Major global supplier of diverse, cost-effective computer parts and electronic sub-assemblies. |
| 3 | 8517 | $6,782,861,371 | 5.26% | Central hub for global smartphone assembly and broad consumer telecommunications equipment. |
| 4 | 8542 | $5,595,763,015 | 4.34% | Significant provider of legacy semiconductors and foundational integrated circuits for consumer goods. |
| 5 | 9999 | $3,062,862,660 | 2.38% | Represents massive volume of low-value consumer e-commerce shipments directly to US buyers. |
Period: January-March 2026.
China's slide from a historic top-position into the #4 US import country slot continues to accelerate through early 2026. However, the trade relationship witnessed a 35% year-over-year drop in US imports from China during January 2026, even during the traditional Lunar New Year inventory build period when companies typically stockpile goods ahead of factory shutdowns. The decline accelerated from the 29% full-year drop observed across 2025.
Key market signals shaping China-US trade in Q1 2026:
- February 2026 container data: Descartes container shipping data tracked China-origin US imports at 728,562 TEU in February 2026, 28.8% below the July 2024 record peak of 1,022,913 TEU.
- Southeast Asia replacement effect: PRNewswire data shows US imports from Thailand rose 30% and Indonesia 34% in 2025, with Indonesia surging 35% YoY in January 2026 as the substitution destination for China-origin volumes.
- Carrier capacity normalization: Blank sailings on Asia-US lanes collapsed from 131 in April 2025 to just 11 in January 2026, signaling carriers have adjusted capacity downward to match the structurally lower China-US trade volumes.
U.S top #5 imports by country: Vietnam - US$55.86 billion
From TradeInt's Vietnam-U.S trade insights, Vietnam supplies the US through telecommunications equipment (HS 8517) at US$9.87 billion (17.67%), automatic data processing equipment (HS 8471) at US$8.66 billion (15.51%), and parts for machines (HS 8473) at US$6.89 billion (12.34%).
The top import list establishes Vietnam as the leading 'China+1' destination for smartphone, laptop, and computer-component assembly, supplemented by storage media (HS 8523) and furniture (HS 9403).
Top 5 HS codes imported from Vietnam in Q1 2026:
- HS 8517 - Telecommunications equipment: US$9.87 billion (17.67%): Rapidly growing primary alternative to China for global smartphone and telecom assembly.
- HS 8471 - Automatic data processing equipment: US$8.66 billion (15.51%): Essential emerging hub diversifying US supply chains for laptop and computer manufacturing.
- HS 8473 - Parts for machines: US$6.89 billion (12.34%): Key Southeast Asian partner providing cost-effective assembly for computer components and parts.
- HS 8523 - Storage media: US$1.71 billion (3.06%): Growing manufacturing base for affordable data storage media and electronic components.
- HS 9403 - Furniture: US$1.58 billion (2.83%): Major alternative supplier of residential and commercial furniture, expanding beyond legacy supply lanes.
| Rank | 4-Digit HS Codes | Value (US$) | Share % | Economic Importance |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 8517 | $9,873,442,428 | 17.67% | Rapidly growing primary alternative to China for global smartphone and telecom assembly. |
| 2 | 8471 | $8,663,198,007 | 15.51% | Essential emerging hub diversifying US supply chains for laptop and computer manufacturing. |
| 3 | 8473 | $6,893,778,528 | 12.34% | Key Southeast Asian partner providing cost-effective assembly for computer components and parts. |
| 4 | 8523 | $1,709,210,558 | 3.06% | Growing manufacturing base for affordable data storage media and electronic components. |
| 5 | 9403 | $1,582,907,066 | 2.83% | Major alternative supplier of residential and commercial furniture, bypassing Chinese tariffs. |
Period: January-March 2026.
Vietnam's elevation into the top 5 US importing countries continues to gain ground through 2026. The Investor reporting in March 2026 indicated Vietnam-US trade talks have entered a decisive phase, with both sides working toward strengthened bilateral arrangements that reinforce Vietnam's position as the primary Southeast Asian manufacturing anchor for US-bound electronics, apparel, and furniture flows.
Key market signals shaping Vietnam-US trade in Q1 2026:
- January 2026 supplier rank: Trading Economics tracking placed Vietnam as the 5th-largest source of US imports in January 2026 at US$20.4 billion, behind Mexico, the EU, Canada, and Taiwan.
- Electronics flow acceleration: Reporting from Vietnam's ASEM Connect news service highlights Vietnam's continuing expansion of semiconductor-related manufacturing capacity, supporting the country's smartphone and laptop assembly base.
- China substitution effect: Vietnam's combined US$25.4 billion across HS 8517, 8471, and 8473 reflects active US importer diversification away from concentrated China sourcing into Vietnam's Hanoi-Hai Phong industrial corridor and southern manufacturing belt.
U.S import growth trends (Q1/2025 - Q1/2026)
Analyzed by TradeInt's trade trends capability, US imports declined 12.66% from a US$934.65 billion peak in Q1 2025 to US$816.39 billion in Q1 2026. The peak month within the five-quarter window was March 2025, sitting inside the Q1 2025 +12.03% surge, with subsequent quarters showing volatility around an approximately US$800 billion floor. Q1 2026 closed the cycle at the lowest value of any quarter in the period.
Quarterly US import value trends across the past five quarters:
- Q1 2025: US$934.65 billion (+12.03% QoQ): Peak quarter driven by strong post-holiday inventory restocking and robust early-year consumer demand.
- Q2 2025: US$772.98 billion (-17.30% QoQ): Sharpest decline in the cycle as importers absorbed the massive Q1 inventory surge.
- Q3 2025: US$830.51 billion (+7.44% QoQ): Steady rebound driven by early retail inventory buildup ahead of the holiday season.
- Q4 2025: US$818.99 billion (-1.39% QoQ): Minor cooling as holiday manufacturing orders peaked earlier in Q3 than usual.
- Q1 2026: US$816.39 billion (-0.32% QoQ): Flat import volumes reflecting cautious early-year corporate spending and inventory management.
| Month | Import Value (US$) | QoQ analysis | Significant Changes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Q1 2025 | $934.65B | 12.03% | Strong post-holiday inventory restocking and robust early-year consumer demand. |
| Q2 2025 | $772.98B | -17.30% | Sharp seasonal correction following the massive Q1 import surge. |
| Q3 2025 | $830.51B | 7.44% | Steady rebound driven by early retail inventory buildup for the holidays. |
| Q4 2025 | $818.99B | -1.39% | Minor cooling as holiday manufacturing orders peaked earlier in Q3. |
| Q1 2026 | $816.39B | -0.32% | Flat import volumes reflecting cautious early-year corporate spending and inventory management. |
Period: October 2024 - March 2026
Cross-checking the quarterly trend against monthly trade data confirms the recalibration pattern. Trading Economics tracked total US imports at US$356.6 billion in January 2026 (down 0.7%), then a sharp surge to US$372.1 billion in February 2026 (up 4.3%, the highest single-month value since the March 2025 peak), before tapering through March.
Key signals from the five-quarter US import trend:
- Peak-to-trough decline: The 12.66% drop from Q1 2025's US$934.65 billion peak to Q1 2026's US$816.39 billion confirms a structural reset across all US states top import partners after the 2024-Q1 2025 inventory pull-forward phase.
- Container-side validation: The NRF Global Port Tracker projects US container imports for H1 2026 at 12.21 million TEU (down 2.5% from H1 2025), confirming the value-side stabilization with a parallel volume-side decline.
- Trade-deficit dynamic: Reuters reporting on the March 2026 trade balance highlighted the sharp month-over-month surge in US goods imports, with major US import countries including Mexico and Taiwan contributing the bulk of the increase.
Conclusion
Q1 2026 US imports by country picture a tightening North American axis and a fast-shifting East Asian electronics base. Mexico (US$138.03B) and Canada (US$91.59B) hold the top tier on USMCA-driven manufacturing and energy flows, while Taiwan (US$67.42B) climbs ahead of China (US$60.87B) on AI server and advanced semiconductor demand, with Vietnam (US$55.86B) capturing the China-substitution wave.
For sourcing teams and trade analysts tracking these structural shifts, explore country-level US import export trade overview on TradeInt.
Frequently asked questions
Which countries do the USA import most from?
The USA imports most from Mexico (US$138.03B), Canada (US$91.59B), Taiwan (US$67.42B), China (US$60.87B), and Vietnam (US$55.86B) in Q1 2026, per TradeInt's verified US trade data. Together, they account for 50.69% of total US imports.
Which country sends 80% of its exports to the United States?
Mexico sends roughly 80% of its total exports to the United States, reflecting deep USMCA integration. Canada also routes the majority of its exports to the US, anchored by crude oil and integrated automotive parts, per cross-border trade data.
Who is the US biggest import partner?
Mexico is the US biggest import partner in Q1 2026 at US$138.03 billion (16.91% share), per TradeInt's customs records. Mexico anchors US automotive, electronics, IT hardware, and agricultural supply chains under USMCA-driven nearshoring.
Which country is the US most dependent on?
The US is structurally most dependent on Mexico for imports, sourcing US$138.03 billion in Q1 2026 (16.91% share) across HS 8471, 8703, 8708, 8704, and 8517, per TradeInt data, anchoring automotive, IT hardware, and telecommunications supply chains.


