Table of Contents
Introduction
Did you know that Indonesia is the world’s fourth most populous country and the largest economy in Southeast Asia? In 2023, Indonesia achieved a significant milestone by surpassing $200 billion in annual exports, solidifying its position as a major player in global trade. This remarkable feat highlights the country’s growing influence in the international market and its dynamic economic landscape.
In this blog, we will delve into a comprehensive overview of Indonesia’s trade data, examining its key trading partners, main exports and imports, and the latest trends shaping its trade dynamics. From its vibrant export sectors to the challenges and opportunities it faces, we aim to provide a detailed analysis of Indonesia’s trade performance and its impact on the global economy.
Overview of Indonesia's Trade
Economic Context
Indonesia, an archipelago of over 17,000 islands, is the largest economy in Southeast Asia and a member of the G20, reflecting its significant role in the global economy. With a GDP of approximately $1.2 trillion in 2023, Indonesia’s diverse economy encompasses sectors such as manufacturing, agriculture, mining, and services. The country is rich in natural resources, including oil, natural gas, coal, and palm oil, which contribute substantially to its export revenues. Its strategic location along major sea routes also enhances its trade potential, making it a crucial hub for international commerce.
Trade Balance
Indonesia’s trade balance has seen notable fluctuations in recent years. As of the latest data, the country recorded a trade surplus, with exports surpassing imports by a significant margin. In 2023, Indonesia’s total exports were valued at approximately $230 billion, while imports stood at around $200 billion, resulting in a trade surplus of $30 billion. This surplus underscores the strength of Indonesia’s export sectors, particularly in commodities like palm oil, coal, and rubber, which are in high demand globally.
The positive trade balance has several implications for Indonesia’s economy. It boosts foreign exchange reserves, strengthens the national currency, and enhances economic stability. Moreover, it provides the government with more fiscal space to invest in infrastructure and social programs. However, maintaining a trade surplus also requires continuous efforts to diversify export products and markets, improve trade infrastructure, and navigate global trade dynamics effectively.
Key Exports
Major Export Products
- Mineral Fuels, Mineral Oils, and Their Distillation Products (HS Code 27)
– Export Value: $59.5 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 23.02%
– Growth Rate: 78.12%
– Description: This category includes a range of products such as crude oil, natural gas, and coal. Indonesia is one of the world’s leading coal exporters, which significantly contributes to this sector.
- Animal and Vegetable Oils, Fats, and Their Decomposition Products (HS Code 15)
– Export Value: $28.5 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 11.01%
– Growth Rate: 4.76%
– Description: Indonesia is the largest producer and exporter of palm oil, a critical product within this category. This sector also includes other vegetable oils and fats.
- Steel (HS Code 72)
– Export Value: $26.7 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 10.33%
– Growth Rate: 2.53%
– Description: The steel industry in Indonesia produces a variety of steel products, which are essential for construction and manufacturing sectors globally.
- Electrical Machinery and Equipment (HS Code 85)
– Export Value: $14.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 5.55%
– Growth Rate: 0.08%
– Description: This includes motors, electrical equipment, and consumer electronics, with significant export growth driven by increasing global demand.
- Vehicles and Their Parts (HS Code 87)
– Export Value: $11.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 4.32%
– Growth Rate: 0.27%
– Description: Indonesia exports a range of vehicles, primarily automobiles, and their parts, reflecting its growing automotive industry.
- Ore, Slag, and Ash (HS Code 26)
– Export Value: $8.7 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 3.37%
– Growth Rate: 1.11%
– Description: This includes mineral ores like nickel and copper, which are essential raw materials for various industries.
- Precious Metals and Stones (HS Code 71)
– Export Value: $7.5 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 2.90%
– Growth Rate: 0.00%
– Description: Indonesia exports precious metals, including gold and silver, and semi-precious stones, with significant value additions.
- Nickel and Its Products (HS Code 75)
– Export Value: $6.8 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 2.64%
– Growth Rate: 0.16%
– Description: Indonesia is one of the largest producers of nickel, which is crucial for stainless steel production and electric vehicle batteries.
- Machinery and Mechanical Appliances (HS Code 84)
– Export Value: $6.5 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 2.50%
– Growth Rate: 0.10%
– Description: This category includes industrial machinery and mechanical appliances used across various sectors.
- Footwear (HS Code 64)
– Export Value: $6.4 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 2.49%
– Growth Rate: 0.04%
– Description: Indonesia is a major exporter of footwear, including sports shoes and leather shoes, contributing significantly to its manufacturing sector.
Export Destinations
- China
– Export Value: $62.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 24.03%
– Growth Rate: 37.44%
– Description: China is Indonesia’s largest trading partner, primarily importing mineral fuels, palm oil, and various raw materials.
- United States
– Export Value: $22.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 8.58%
– Growth Rate: 0.80%
– Description: The US imports a range of Indonesian products, including textiles, footwear, and electronics.
- Japan
– Export Value: $20.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 7.79%
– Growth Rate: 5.40%
– Description: Japan imports significant quantities of Indonesia’s mineral fuels, automotive parts, and raw materials.
- India
– Export Value: $19.7 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 7.64%
– Growth Rate: 16.52%
– Description: India is a major buyer of Indonesian coal and palm oil, crucial for its energy and food sectors.
- Singapore
– Export Value: $12.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 4.77%
– Growth Rate: 2.66%
– Description: Singapore serves as a key trading hub, importing a variety of goods from Indonesia for re-export.
- Malaysia
– Export Value: $12.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 4.67%
– Growth Rate: 5.63%
– Description: Malaysia imports mineral fuels, machinery, and palm oil from Indonesia.
- Philippines
– Export Value: $10.8 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 4.20%
– Growth Rate: 5.86%
– Description: The Philippines imports a variety of goods, including electrical machinery and mineral products from Indonesia.
- South Korea
– Export Value: $10.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 3.91%
– Growth Rate: 5.13%
– Description: South Korea imports Indonesian mineral fuels, rubber, and palm oil.
- Vietnam
– Export Value: $7.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 2.80%
– Growth Rate: 3.45%
– Description: Vietnam’s imports from Indonesia include machinery, mineral fuels, and palm oil.
- Thailand
– Export Value: $7.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 2.76%
– Growth Rate: 2.56%
– Description: Thailand imports machinery, mineral fuels, and raw materials from Indonesia.
- Taiwan
– Export Value: $6.4 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 2.46%
– Growth Rate: 2.77%
– Description: Taiwan imports Indonesian raw materials and machinery.
- Netherlands
– Export Value: $3.7 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 1.44%
– Growth Rate: 0.61%
– Description: The Netherlands is a key European partner, importing machinery and agricultural products.
- Bangladesh
– Export Value: $3.4 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 1.31%
– Growth Rate: 2.75%
– Description: Bangladesh imports significant quantities of Indonesian palm oil and textiles.
- Australia
– Export Value: $3.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 1.18%
– Growth Rate: 0.59%
– Description: Australia imports a variety of Indonesian goods, including machinery and footwear.
- Pakistan
– Export Value: $2.9 billion
– Percentage of Total Exports: 1.13%
– Growth Rate: 0.91%
– Description: Pakistan imports Indonesian palm oil, textiles, and machinery.
Indonesia Export HS 2-Digit 2023 Analysis
| # | HS CODE | Value (US$) | Value Proportion | Quantity | Quantity Proportion | Average Price (US$) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 27 ( Mineral fuels, mineral oils and their distillation products; bituminous substances; mineral waxes ) | 59,494,673,227.15 | 23.02% | 397,111,154,658.69 | 78.12% | 0.15 |
| 2 | 15 ( Animal and vegetable oils, fats and their decomposition products; refined edible fats and oils; animal and vegetable waxes ) | 28,453,392,390.61 | 11.01% | 24,190,192,332.89 | 4.76% | 1.18 |
| 3 | 72 ( Steel ) | 26,704,566,922.18 | 10.33% | 12,860,043,269.79 | 2.53% | 2.08 |
| 4 | 85 ( Motors, electrical equipment and their parts; recorders and players, television image and sound recording and playback equipment and their parts and accessories ) | 14,331,979,449.31 | 5.55% | 400,078,217.93 | 0.08% | 35.82 |
| 5 | 87 ( Vehicles and their parts and accessories, except for railway and tramway vehicles ) | 11,152,847,224.64 | 4.32% | 1,396,780,064.41 | 0.27% | 7.98 |
| 6 | 26 ( Ore, slag and ash ) | 8,720,888,310.04 | 3.37% | 5,618,433,758.57 | 1.11% | 1.55 |
| 7 | 71 ( Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, precious metals and their products; imitation jewelry; coins ) | 7,505,564,379.95 | 2.90% | 2,763,105.06 | 0.00% | 2716.35 |
| 8 | 75 ( Nickel and its products ) | 6,815,596,838.05 | 2.64% | 823,789,711.16 | 0.16% | 8.27 |
| 9 | 84 ( Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, mechanical appliances and their parts ) | 6,460,189,267.42 | 2.50% | 507,673,613.85 | 0.10% | 12.73 |
| 10 | 64 ( Footwear, leggings and similar articles and parts thereof ) | 6,438,554,647.31 | 2.49% | 226,051,251.43 | 0.04% | 28.48 |
| 11 | 38 ( Miscellaneous chemical products ) | 6,253,822,495.75 | 2.42% | 4,614,592,396.57 | 0.91% | 1.36 |
| 12 | 40 ( Rubber and its products ) | 5,096,310,689.19 | 1.97% | 1,857,678,373.61 | 0.37% | 2.74 |
| 13 | 48 ( Paper and cardboard; pulp, paper or cardboard products ) | 4,794,003,838.86 | 1.86% | 4,250,613,484.02 | 0.84% | 1.13 |
| 14 | 62 ( Garments and clothing accessories, not knitted or crocheted ) | 4,219,247,312.44 | 1.63% | 120,784,982.22 | 0.02% | 34.93 |
| 15 | 44 ( Wood and wood products; charcoal ) | 3,985,017,370.95 | 1.54% | 4,777,837,658.28 | 0.94% | 0.83 |
Key Imports
Major Import Products
- Mineral Fuels, Mineral Oils, and Their Distillation Products (HS Code 27)
– Import Value: $40.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 18.15%
– Growth Rate: 34.48%
– Description: This category includes crude oil, refined petroleum products, and natural gas, which are essential for Indonesia’s energy needs.
- Machinery and Mechanical Appliances (HS Code 84)
– Import Value: $32.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 14.55%
– Growth Rate: 2.12%
– Description: This includes a variety of industrial machinery, boilers, and mechanical appliances, which are crucial for Indonesia’s industrial sector.
- Electrical Machinery and Equipment (HS Code 85)
– Import Value: $25.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 11.41%
– Growth Rate: 0.76%
– Description: This category covers motors, generators, electrical transformers, and consumer electronics, highlighting the importance of technology and electrical infrastructure.
- Steel (HS Code 72)
– Import Value: $11.4 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 5.15%
– Growth Rate: 7.09%
– Description: Imported steel is vital for Indonesia’s construction and manufacturing industries, covering both raw and semi-finished steel products.
- Vehicles and Their Parts (HS Code 87)
– Import Value: $10.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 4.61%
– Growth Rate: 0.70%
– Description: This includes automobiles, motorcycles, and parts, reflecting Indonesia’s demand for transportation and automotive industry components.
- Plastics and Articles Thereof (HS Code 39)
– Import Value: $9.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 4.23%
– Growth Rate: 2.80%
– Description: This category includes raw plastic materials and plastic products, essential for various manufacturing processes.
- Organic Chemicals (HS Code 29)
– Import Value: $6.4 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 2.90%
– Growth Rate: 2.63%
– Description: These chemicals are fundamental for Indonesia’s chemical industry, including pharmaceuticals and agriculture.
- Cereals (HS Code 10)
– Import Value: $6.0 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 2.69%
– Growth Rate: 7.27%
– Description: Indonesia imports large quantities of cereals such as wheat and rice to meet its food consumption needs.
- Steel Products (HS Code 73)
– Import Value: $4.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.97%
– Growth Rate: 0.99%
– Description: This category includes finished steel products used in construction and various industries.
- Residues and Waste from the Food Industry (HS Code 23)
– Import Value: $4.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.95%
– Growth Rate: 3.92%
– Description: This includes animal feed and food industry by-products, crucial for Indonesia’s livestock sector.
- Optical, Photographic, and Precision Instruments (HS Code 90)
– Import Value: $3.8 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.72%
– Growth Rate: 0.07%
– Description: These instruments are used in medical, scientific, and industrial applications, reflecting Indonesia’s technological advancement.
- Sugar and Confectionery (HS Code 17)
– Import Value: $3.4 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.52%
– Growth Rate: 2.89%
– Description: This includes raw and refined sugar, as well as various confectionery products.
- Miscellaneous Chemical Products (HS Code 38)
– Import Value: $3.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.51%
– Growth Rate: 0.90%
– Description: This category includes a wide range of chemical products used across different industries.
- Precious Metals and Stones (HS Code 71)
– Import Value: $2.8 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.26%
– Growth Rate: 0.00%
– Description: This includes precious metals like gold and silver, and gemstones, primarily for jewelry and investment.
- Rubber and Articles Thereof (HS Code 40)
– Import Value: $2.6 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.18%
– Growth Rate: 0.44%
– Description: This includes natural and synthetic rubber and products made from rubber, essential for various manufacturing sectors.
Import Sources
- China
– Import Value: $61.6 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 27.85%
– Growth Rate: 17.83%
– Description: China is Indonesia’s largest import partner, supplying machinery, electronics, and various consumer goods.
- Singapore
– Import Value: $18.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 8.26%
– Growth Rate: 7.81%
– Description: Singapore is a major supplier of refined petroleum products, machinery, and electronics.
- Japan
– Import Value: $16.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 7.37%
– Growth Rate: 2.62%
– Description: Japan supplies Indonesia with vehicles, machinery, and electrical equipment.
- United States
– Import Value: $11.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 5.08%
– Growth Rate: 5.52%
– Description: The US exports a range of products to Indonesia, including machinery, agricultural products, and aircraft.
- Malaysia
– Import Value: $10.7 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 4.83%
– Growth Rate: 5.75%
– Description: Malaysia is a key supplier of refined petroleum, machinery, and chemicals.
- South Korea
– Import Value: $10.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 4.67%
– Growth Rate: 2.26%
– Description: South Korea exports vehicles, machinery, and electronics to Indonesia.
- Thailand
– Import Value: $10.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 4.60%
– Growth Rate: 4.24%
– Description: Thailand supplies vehicles, machinery, and food products.
- Australia
– Import Value: $9.3 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 4.20%
– Growth Rate: 12.90%
– Description: Australia exports agricultural products, particularly wheat and livestock, and raw materials.
- India
– Import Value: $6.7 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 3.02%
– Growth Rate: 3.47%
– Description: India supplies Indonesia with raw materials, chemicals, and food products.
- Vietnam
– Import Value: $5.2 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 2.36%
– Growth Rate: 2.39%
– Description: Vietnam exports machinery, textiles, and electronics to Indonesia.
- Brazil
– Import Value: $4.9 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 2.20%
– Growth Rate: 4.17%
– Description: Brazil supplies Indonesia with agricultural products, especially soybeans and meat.
- Germany
– Import Value: $4.6 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 2.07%
– Growth Rate: 0.41%
– Description: Germany exports machinery, vehicles, and chemicals to Indonesia.
- Saudi Arabia
– Import Value: $4.1 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.84%
– Growth Rate: 3.30%
– Description: Saudi Arabia is a major supplier of crude oil and petrochemical products.
- Nigeria
– Import Value: $3.9 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports:
1.78%
– Growth Rate: 3.39%
– Description: Nigeria exports crude oil and natural gas to Indonesia.
- Taiwan
– Import Value: $3.8 billion
– Percentage of Total Imports: 1.73%
– Growth Rate: 0.53%
– Description: Taiwan supplies electronics, machinery, and chemicals.
Indonesia Import HS 2-Digit 2023 Analysis
| # | HS Code | Value (US$) | Value Proportion | Quantity | Quantity Proportion | Average Price (US$) |
| 1 | 27 ( Mineral fuels, mineral oils and their distillation products; bituminous substances; mineral waxes ) | 40,120,392,618 | 18.15% | 49,394,554,165 | 34.48% | 0.81 |
| 2 | 84 ( Nuclear reactors, boilers, machinery, mechanical appliances and their parts ) | 32,154,880,863 | 14.55% | 3,038,208,673 | 2.12% | 10.58 |
| 3 | 85 ( Motors, electrical equipment and their parts; recorders and players, television image and sound recording and playback equipment and their parts and accessories ) | 25,223,707,617 | 11.41% | 1,091,301,634 | 0.76% | 23.11 |
| 4 | 72 ( Steel ) | 11,381,141,543 | 5.15% | 10,158,600,319 | 7.09% | 1.12 |
| 5 | 87 ( Vehicles and their parts and accessories, except for railway and tramway vehicles ) | 10,199,905,491 | 4.61% | 998,347,743 | 0.70% | 10.22 |
| 6 | 39 ( Plastic and its products ) | 9,345,017,156 | 4.23% | 4,012,694,138 | 2.80% | 2.33 |
| 7 | 29 ( Organic compounds ) | 6,420,905,988 | 2.90% | 3,763,262,251 | 2.63% | 1.71 |
| 8 | 10 ( cereals ) | 5,950,499,485 | 2.69% | 10,415,082,202 | 7.27% | 0.57 |
| 9 | 73 ( Steel products ) | 4,348,916,242 | 1.97% | 1,420,377,514 | 0.99% | 3.06 |
| 10 | 23 ( Residues and waste from the food industry; prepared animal feed ) | 4,312,108,977 | 1.95% | 5,615,051,544 | 3.92% | 0.77 |
| 11 | 90 ( Optical, photographic, film, measurement, inspection, medical or surgical instruments and equipment, precision instruments and equipment; parts and accessories of the above items ) | 3,793,045,744 | 1.72% | 94,694,794 | 0.07% | 40.06 |
| 12 | 17 ( Sugar and confectionery ) | 3,361,090,169 | 1.52% | 4,133,135,113 | 2.89% | 0.81 |
| 13 | 38 ( Miscellaneous chemical products ) | 3,336,011,462 | 1.51% | 1,285,930,154 | 0.90% | 2.59 |
| 14 | 71 ( Natural or cultured pearls, precious or semi-precious stones, precious metals, precious metals and their products; imitation jewelry; coins ) | 2,795,838,996 | 1.26% | 3,890,639 | 0.00% | 718.61 |
| 15 | 40 ( Rubber and its products ) | 2,608,548,740 | 1.18% | 628,518,379 | 0.44% | 4.15 |
Trade Partners
Top Trading Partners
ASEAN
Indonesia is a crucial member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), and intra-ASEAN trade forms a significant part of its trade portfolio. Key ASEAN trading partners include:
- Singapore: A major hub for Indonesia’s refined petroleum products, machinery, and electronics.
– Export Value: $12.3 billion (4.77% of total exports)
– Import Value: $18.3 billion (8.26% of total imports)
- Malaysia: Significant for both exports and imports, particularly in refined petroleum and machinery.
– Export Value: $12.1 billion (4.67% of total exports)
– Import Value: $10.7 billion (4.83% of total imports)
- Thailand: Major trading partner in vehicles, machinery, and food products.
– Export Value: $7.1 billion (2.76% of total exports)
– Import Value: $10.2 billion (4.60% of total imports)
- Vietnam: Growing trade partner, particularly in machinery and electronics.
– Export Value: $7.2 billion (2.80% of total exports)
– Import Value: $5.2 billion (2.36% of total imports)
China
China is Indonesia’s largest trading partner, playing a pivotal role in both imports and exports.
- Export Value: $62.1 billion (24.03% of total exports)
- Import Value: $61.6 billion (27.85% of total imports)
- Key Products: Machinery, electronics, and consumer goods from China, and mineral fuels, animal and vegetable oils, and steel to China.
United States
The United States is a significant non-Asian trading partner for Indonesia.
- Export Value: $22.2 billion (8.58% of total exports)
- Import Value: $11.2 billion (5.08% of total imports)
- Key Products: Electrical machinery, textiles, and footwear to the US, and machinery, agricultural products, and aircraft from the US.
European Union
The EU is a critical market for Indonesian exports, with significant imports coming from the region as well.
- Netherlands: Major gateway for Indonesian products in Europe.
– Export Value: $3.7 billion (1.44% of total exports)
– Import Value: $3.1 billion (0.61% of total imports)
- Germany: Significant for machinery and chemicals.
– Import Value: $4.6 billion (2.07% of total imports)
Trade Agreements
Indonesia is part of several significant trade agreements, which have a substantial impact on its trade dynamics:
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA)
- Impact: AFTA has eliminated tariffs on most goods traded between ASEAN member states, fostering greater economic integration and boosting intra-ASEAN trade.
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
- Impact: RCEP, which includes ASEAN countries, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand, aims to create the world’s largest trading bloc. It is expected to lower tariffs, enhance market access, and streamline trade procedures.
Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA)
- Impact: IA-CEPA enhances trade and investment flows between Indonesia and Australia, providing better access to each other’s markets, particularly in agriculture, education, and mining.
Indonesia-European Free Trade Association Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IE-CEPA)
- Impact: IE-CEPA aims to boost trade and investment between Indonesia and EFTA states (Switzerland, Norway, Iceland, and Liechtenstein). It includes provisions on goods, services, investment, intellectual property, and sustainable development.
Indonesia-Chile Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IC-CEPA)
- Impact: This agreement improves market access for Indonesian goods in Chile, especially palm oil, automotive products, and textiles, and vice versa for Chilean goods in Indonesia.
Trade Agreement Summary
Indonesia’s diverse range of key exports and imports highlights its robust trade profile. With strategic trading partners across ASEAN, China, the United States, and the European Union, and its participation in several significant trade agreements, Indonesia is well-positioned to capitalize on global trade opportunities. These partnerships and agreements not only enhance Indonesia’s market access but also foster economic growth and development, making Indonesia a pivotal player in the global trade arena.
Recent Trends and Developments
Growth Sectors
1. Technology and Electronics
- Growth: Indonesia has seen a significant uptick in the export of electronic goods and electrical equipment.
– Key Products: Motors, electrical equipment, and their parts (HS Code 85).
– Export Value: $14.3 billion (5.55% of total exports).
– Growth Rate: This sector has shown a remarkable increase, with exports to markets like the US and EU growing rapidly.
2. Steel and Minerals
- Growth: The steel industry has shown strong growth due to rising global demand.
– Key Products: Steel (HS Code 72) and mineral fuels, oils, and distillation products (HS Code 27).
– Export Value for Steel: $26.7 billion (10.33% of total exports).
– Growth Rate: Steel exports have more than doubled, driven by increased production capacity and global infrastructure projects.
3. Agricultural Products
- Growth: Indonesia’s agricultural exports, particularly animal and vegetable oils and fats, have increased.
– Key Products: Palm oil and other vegetable oils (HS Code 15).
– Export Value: $28.5 billion (11.01% of total exports).
– Growth Rate: Strong growth in exports to markets in India and China due to rising demand for cooking oils and biodiesel.
Declining Sectors
1. Textile and Footwear
- Decline: While still significant, the textile and footwear sector has faced stiff competition and supply chain disruptions.
– Key Products: Garments and clothing accessories (HS Code 62), Footwear (HS Code 64).
– Export Value for Footwear: $6.4 billion (2.49% of total exports).
– Growth Rate: The sector has seen slower growth due to competition from other low-cost producers and global supply chain issues.
2. Rubber and Paper Products
- Decline: Exports of rubber and paper products have declined slightly due to changing global demands and environmental concerns.
– Key Products: Rubber (HS Code 40), Paper and cardboard (HS Code 48).
– Export Value for Rubber: $5.1 billion (1.97% of total exports).
– Growth Rate: These sectors have faced challenges due to market saturation and increased environmental regulations.
Trade Policies
1. Omnibus Law on Job Creation
- Description: Enacted to improve the business climate and attract foreign investment.
- Impact: Simplifies regulations and eases restrictions on foreign ownership, aiming to boost trade and investment.
2. Import Substitution Policies
- Description: Policies aimed at reducing dependence on imported goods, especially in the automotive and electronics sectors.
- Impact: Encourages local manufacturing, though it has faced criticism for potentially increasing production costs and reducing competitiveness.
3. Digital Economy Agreements
- Description: Agreements focused on enhancing digital trade, such as the Digital Economy Partnership Agreement (DEPA) with Singapore, Chile, and New Zealand.
- Impact: Promotes e-commerce, data flow, and digital services trade, positioning Indonesia as a hub for digital trade in Southeast Asia.
Impact of Global Events
1. COVID-19 Pandemic
- Initial Impact: Significant disruptions to supply chains, reduced demand for non-essential goods, and decreased manufacturing output.
- Recovery: Rapid recovery in export sectors such as electronics, agricultural products, and mining, driven by global economic recovery and increased demand.
2. US-China Trade War
- Impact: Created opportunities for Indonesian exporters to fill the gap left by tariffs on Chinese goods in the US market.
- Shift in Trade Dynamics: Indonesia benefited from diverted trade flows and increased demand for alternative suppliers.
3. Global Energy Market Volatility
- Impact: Fluctuations in global oil prices have affected Indonesia’s trade balance, particularly in the import and export of mineral fuels.
- Adaptation: Indonesia has increased its focus on renewable energy sources and biofuels to mitigate the impact of oil price volatility.
Conclusion
Indonesia’s trade landscape is dynamic, characterized by significant growth in key sectors such as technology, steel, and agriculture, while facing challenges in textiles and rubber products. Recent trade policies and global events have reshaped trade patterns, with Indonesia emerging as a resilient and adaptable player in global trade. As the country continues to navigate these changes, its strategic initiatives and robust trade partnerships will be crucial in driving sustainable economic growth.
Challenges and Opportunities
Challenges
1. Trade Barriers
- Tariffs and Quotas: Indonesia faces high tariffs and quotas in some of its key export markets, which can limit the competitiveness of its products. For example, agricultural exports often encounter restrictive tariffs in the EU and US.
- Non-Tariff Barriers: Standards and regulatory requirements in foreign markets can be stringent, creating hurdles for Indonesian exporters, particularly small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that may lack the resources to comply with these regulations.
2. Infrastructure Issues
- Logistics and Transport: Indonesia’s archipelagic geography poses significant logistical challenges. Inadequate infrastructure, such as poor road networks and underdeveloped ports, can increase transportation costs and lead to delays in the supply chain.
- Energy Supply: Inconsistent and insufficient energy supply can disrupt manufacturing and industrial activities, affecting the overall productivity and reliability of Indonesian exports.
3. Competition
- Regional Competitors: Indonesia faces stiff competition from neighboring countries like Vietnam, Thailand, and Malaysia, which often have more advanced manufacturing capabilities and better trade agreements.
- Global Market Dynamics: The global market is highly competitive, and Indonesia must continuously innovate and improve its products and processes to maintain and enhance its market share.
4. Regulatory and Bureaucratic Hurdles
- Complex Regulations: The regulatory environment in Indonesia can be complex and cumbersome, with overlapping jurisdictions and frequent changes in policies, making it difficult for businesses to navigate.
- Corruption: Corruption remains a challenge, with businesses sometimes facing additional unofficial costs and bureaucratic delays.
Opportunities
1. New Markets
- Africa: Growing economic development in African countries presents new opportunities for Indonesian exports, particularly in sectors like machinery, textiles, and food products.
- Middle East: Increased demand for food and consumer goods in the Middle East provides a lucrative market for Indonesian agricultural and processed food products.
2. Emerging Industries
- Digital Economy: The rapid growth of the digital economy in Indonesia offers significant potential. E-commerce, fintech, and digital services are booming, driven by a young, tech-savvy population and increased internet penetration.
- Renewable Energy: Indonesia has vast potential for renewable energy, particularly solar, wind, and geothermal. Investment in these sectors can not only meet domestic energy needs but also create opportunities for technology exports and partnerships.
3. Value-Added Manufacturing
- Upgrading Industry: Moving up the value chain in manufacturing, such as producing higher-value electronics, machinery, and automotive parts, can enhance Indonesia’s competitiveness and reduce reliance on raw material exports.
- Innovation and R&D: Investing in research and development can lead to innovation in products and processes, opening up new markets and increasing the value of Indonesian exports.
4. Trade Agreements
- Comprehensive Agreements: Expanding and deepening trade agreements with key partners can improve market access and reduce trade barriers. Participation in agreements like RCEP and pursuing new deals with other regions can significantly boost trade.
- Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation: Strengthening bilateral ties with major economies and participating in multilateral organizations can help Indonesia negotiate better terms and foster a more favorable trade environment.
5. Sustainable Development
- Green Products: As global demand for sustainable and environmentally friendly products rises, Indonesia can capitalize on this trend by promoting its eco-friendly agricultural products, sustainable palm oil, and green technology solutions.
- Circular Economy: Adopting circular economy principles can improve resource efficiency, reduce waste, and create new business opportunities in recycling and sustainable manufacturing.
Conclusion
Indonesia faces several challenges in its trade sector, from logistical hurdles and regulatory complexities to fierce competition. However, the country also has numerous opportunities for growth, particularly in new markets, emerging industries, and through strategic trade agreements. By addressing these challenges and capitalizing on its opportunities, Indonesia can enhance its trade performance, foster economic growth, and improve its position in the global market.
Conclusion
Summary
In this blog, we’ve delved into Indonesia’s vibrant trade landscape, exploring its economic context, trade balance, key exports and imports, and major trading partners. We highlighted the country’s principal export commodities such as mineral fuels, vegetable oils, and steel, along with primary import goods like machinery, electrical equipment, and mineral fuels. We examined Indonesia’s key trading partners, including China, the United States, Japan, and ASEAN countries, and discussed significant trade agreements that shape its trade environment.
Recent trends reveal growth in technology, steel, and agricultural sectors, while challenges persist in infrastructure, regulatory complexity, and competition from regional and global markets. We also outlined the impact of global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic and the US-China trade war on Indonesia’s trade. Despite these challenges, opportunities abound in new markets, emerging industries, and sustainable development initiatives.
Future Outlook
The future of Indonesia’s trade looks promising, driven by several positive trends and strategic initiatives. The government’s focus on improving infrastructure, simplifying regulations, and promoting investment will likely enhance trade efficiency and competitiveness. Continued growth in the digital economy and renewable energy sectors, along with efforts to upgrade manufacturing capabilities, will provide new avenues for export diversification and value addition.
Trade agreements, particularly within the ASEAN region and with major economies like China and Japan, will continue to play a crucial role in boosting trade. As Indonesia capitalizes on its strategic location and abundant natural resources, it is well-positioned to strengthen its role in global trade. However, addressing existing challenges and maintaining a proactive approach to global market dynamics will be essential for sustained growth.
We hope you found this comprehensive overview of Indonesia’s trade data insightful. We encourage you to share your thoughts and engage with us by leaving comments below. If you enjoyed this blog, please share it with your network and explore our other posts on related topics. Stay tuned for more updates and in-depth analyses on Indonesia’s trade and economic developments. Thank you for reading!
If you’re interested in exploring more about Indonesia’s trade data, you can visit the following links:
These links provide valuable insights into Indonesia’s export and import trends, helping you understand the country’s trade dynamics in depth.
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About Trade Intelligence Global Pte. Ltd.
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FAQ
Indonesia’s major exports include mineral fuels, oils, electrical machinery, textiles, and agricultural products like palm oil.
China, the United States, Japan, and Singapore are among Indonesia’s largest trading partners, facilitating significant export and import activities.
Challenges include high tariffs in key export markets, infrastructure deficiencies, regulatory complexities, and stiff competition from neighboring countries.
The pandemic initially disrupted supply chains and reduced global demand, but Indonesia saw recovery in sectors like electronics and agriculture as global markets stabilized.
Trade agreements, such as ASEAN agreements and bilateral deals with major economies, help Indonesia access markets with reduced tariffs and streamlined trade regulations.
Trade agreements, such as ASEAN agreements and bilateral deals with major economies, help Indonesia access markets with reduced tariffs and streamlined trade regulations.
Policies like the Omnibus Law on Job Creation aim to simplify regulations and attract foreign investment, potentially boosting trade and economic growth.
Indonesia’s strategic location in Southeast Asia positions it as a gateway to both ASEAN markets and global trade routes, enhancing its trade potential.
Resources like Trade International provide comprehensive data on Indonesia’s export-import trends, offering insights into historical data, current statistics, and data coverage across various sectors.
Emerging markets in Africa and the Middle East present opportunities for Indonesian exports, especially in sectors like renewable energy and digital services.
